Breastworks

Breastworks may be built in any hex by infantry, dismounted cavalry, or artillery.  In the case of artillery, breastworks basically represent lunettes.  Construction of breastworks is a two step procedure.

1. One unit (in any state of organization) which has been designated to build breastworks must have occupied the hex where the breastworks are to be emplaced at the start of the turn.  During the Organization and Breastwork Phase, a build marker is placed on the unit.  The unit cannot move that turn – including retreats, and artillery cannot bombard.
2. During the Construction Phase of the next turn, the build marker is flipped to its breastwork side and is considered emplaced.  A unit (not necessarily the same unit) must remain in the hex during this turn also.
3. Once emplaced, a breastwork gives a +1 DRM to any combat that involves any units defending in that hex except mounted cavalry.
4. Town and sunken road hexes are considered to be permanent breastworks throughout the game.
5. Stonewalls are much the same as breastworks, but only affect combat across that hexside.  If a breastwork is built in a hex behind a stone wall, the stone wall DRM is ignored.
6. Breastworks can remain in place unoccupied although a unit that occupies it may chose to remove it by ending its movement phase in the hex.
7. Breastwork removal only takes place at the end of the movement phase.  Both players may use any breastwork regardless of who built them.
8. Breastworks have no facing and function regardless of the direction of attack.  Attackers still get a DRM for flanking attacks even when the defender is in breastworks.
9. There is no limit as to how many breastworks there can be on the map.  If the supply of markers is exhausted, the players can make more or substitute some other markers.
10. If a unit is forced to retreat during the build phase of breastwork emplacement, that emplacement is canceled.  If the unit is forced to retreat during the second phase of emplacement, the breastwork is still considered emplaced.
11. A unit cannot emplace, or continue to emplace a breastwork while in a ZOI.  If the ZOI is removed, the unit may commence or continue breastwork construction.